Samoa - Tattoo Art 1981

Tattoo Art:
12 Sene: Tattooing Instruments
18 Sene: First Stage of Tattooing
27 Sene: Progressive Stage of Tattooing
1.00 Tala: Tattoo When Completed

There are not many Polynesian words that have entered the English language, but perhaps the most widely used is tattoo. Exactly where and when the word "tattoo" originated is open to debate, but it is certain that it was a corruption of the polynesian word tatau, picked up by the early European sailors exploring the Southern Ocean.

The presence of "britches" upon Samoan males, was commented upon in many ships logs of the early explorers, and were sketched by many of the artists that were taken along on these voyages of discovery. Where the Samoans aquired this skill is not known, but there is a folk tale that explains that it was brought to Samoa by two Fijian women. Unfortunately during the course of their journey they made a mistake in the song they were singing. Rather than singing "Tattoo the women and not the men" they started singing "Tattoo the men and not the women". When they arrived in Samoa the first few villages they arrived at were not interested in their skill, but eventually a chief recognised their artistic abilities and they taught the villages their trade and showed them how to make the tools they needed.

There is another story which explains that originally tattoos were painted upon the skin, but a Samoan adventurer who travelled to the kingdom of the spirits learnt the art of true tattooing. He was treated very well by its inhabitants but they found his painted body decorations a pale immitation of their own tatoos. He learnt the art of tattooing, and when he returned to Samoa he introduced the use of hammers and sharpened bone or teeth for tattooing.

Traditional Samoan tattooing of the pe'a, body tattoo, is an ordeal that is not lightly undergone. It takes many weeks to complete, is very painful and used to be a necessary prerequisite to receiving a matai title; this however is no longer the case. Tattooing was also a very costly procedure, the tattooer receiving in the region of 700 fine mats as payment. It was not uncommon for half a dozen boys to be tattooed at the same time, requiring the services of four or more tattooers. It was not just the men who received tattoos, but the women too, although their designs are of a much lighter nature, resembling a filigree rather than having the large areas of solid dye which are frequently seen in mens tattoos. Nor was the tattooing of women as ritualised as that of them men

The whole process was highly ritualised with songs to be sung and tabus being placed on those that were undergoing the ordeal. Some of the first European visitors to Samoa commented upon the tattoos being of religious significance but this seems to have been disputed by anthropologists (both professional and amateur) who arrived later. It is interesting to note that most of the motifs of animal origin are animals which were considered to be sacred by different families.

Samoan Tattooing Instruments

The Samoan tattooing instruments I acquired in Apia are almost identical to the same tools I've studied at the Suva Museum in Fiji, which lends credence to the legend of the women bringing the art across the ocean to Samoa. I say almost, because the Fijians preferred to use human bone for the construction of the teeth on the striker; the Samoans usually used boar tusk. The ancient Fijians did love their human flesh as is evidenced by the specialty forks and platters reserved for the human feast and the human bones stuck in the forks of trees after dinner.

The instruments of the tufuga, the so-called au, resemble hoes but are of varying width. The comb-like serrated part of it, which comes into contact with the human skin, is always made of bone. The preferred materials for this purpose are human bones but if there are none available, horse or ox bones are used.

The toothed part of the implement which pierces the human skin is connected to the actual handle by a toe which usually consists of tortoise-shell and sometimes of bone. The handle is made of cane or wood. The parts of the implement are tied together with cocoanut fiber. The bone and tortoise-shell parts in drilled in various places. A complete set of tattooing instruments consists of eight to twelve implements, depending on the artist.

A short wooden mallet is used for the insertion of the instruments into the skin.

The Samoans tattooed the nose as a punishment for a serious crime and it was equal to having an ear cut off.

The Samoan Tattoo

The Samoan tattoo is called a pea’a on the men and a malu on the women. The pea’as encompassed the entire area from above the waist to below the knee, and were usually done in one go, taking perhaps a week or two. The teeth of the hoe-like striking instrument were carved longitudinally from the incisors of the wild boar, which in turn was affixed to a piece of turtle shell. The teeth were sharpened with a piece of coral, and if not kept sharp will cause a lot of tissue damage. I have witnessed a fair amount of scarring in Samoan tattoos but some of the areas they tattoo! Behind the knee! Inside the crack of the butt cheeks! No wonder! Before the advent of antibiotics in the 1940’s there was an alarming rate of infection, some actually leading to the death of the tattooed, fortunately that is no longer a problem.

Europeans first saw the Samoan Islands in 1722. The first Europeans who set foot on Samoan soil were members of a 1787 French expedition who had a close look at natives and reported that "the men have their thighs painted or tattooed in such a way that one would think them clothes, although they were almost naked."

When missionaries arrived, tattooing was one of the customs that they tried to suppress. One missionary wrote: "Tattooing is among the works of darkness and is abandoned wherever Christianity is received." The Samoans saw Christianity as something they could add to their culture, not as something to replace it. For young Samoan men, tattooing was a rite of passage from boyhood to maturity. A young man who was not tattooed was considered still to be a boy. He could not marry; he could not speak in the presence of grown men; and he was obliged to perform menial tasks. The fact that he sometimes attended Sunday services held by missionaries was no reason to give up tattooing!

Tattooing in Samoa was never abandoned as it had been in many other Polynesian lands. The act of tattooing is highly respected in Samoa.

Stages of Tattooing

In theory it should be possible to complete a pe'a in 10 days; 5 sessions with a day in between each to let the inflamation subside, and on the tenth day, the removal of the taboo which has been placed on the person being tattooed. However this is never the case because the pain and the damage to the skin is too great. The five stages are well defined and outlined below.

I. O le Taga Tapulu (back and small of the back)

In the first session the height to which the tattoo will rise is decided (Ano le Tua), this is always such that the top of the design will show above the lavalava. Then the va'a, pula tama and pula tele are outlined and the design filled in.

The aso fa'aifo run all the way round from the back to the groin and the ivitu runs down between the buttocks to the anus.

II. O le Taga Fai'aso (the posterior)

The aso fa'aifo are completed around to the abdomen and the 'asolaititi are finished. Next to be added are the saemutu, which vary in number depending upon social status. A matai will have four an orator three and anyone else would have two. It appears that this distinction is not strictly adhered to today. Below the saemutu it is possible to find a wide range of devices, although traditionally there were meant to be two thin lines 'aso e lua. Beneath these another band the 'aso taliitu is added, which goes all around the top of the thigh. Where it meets the 'ivimutu at the anus it is called tafaufile, where it covers the perineum it is called tasele, where it covers the scrotum it is called tafumiti and the area over the penis is called tafito. Needless to say this is very painful.

III. Taga Tapau

The lausae, an area of solid tattooing, is added to the thighs beneath the aso e lua.

IV. Taga o Fusi ma Ulumanu

The fourth session is the tatooing of the ulumanu, from the center of the thigh up to the inner groin. In addition the fusi is added, this being a ribbon extending from the perineum and widening to the width of a hand behind the knees.

V. 'Umaga (the end)

The final sessions invloves the tatooing of the abdomen and the navel, the area that covers the navel being called the pute, and is apparently the most painful part of the whole process.

During the who of the process the tattooer, tufuga is assisted by upto six helpers all of whom wish to become masters themselves. One will be responsible for the mixing of the dyes, another is responsible for wiping away the blood, another for dipping the instruments into the dye and receiving instruments that have been used, another cleans and sharpens the teeth of the combs and another will hold the skin tight.

Young women would sit around the person being tattoo, holding them down to stop them moving to much and thus damaging the tattoo, and massaging the head. In addition they will sing a song to try and keep him occupied and keep his mind from the pain in case he starts to complain or cry, which was considered disgraceful behaviour and unfitting for a man.

Below is a song sung repeatedly by women to the men being tattooed.

Friend, stop your wailing and moaning,
That is not the pain of a sick person.
That is the pain of a novice!
Relax your body like giving up,
Give in, o chief!

Chorus:Ah, you suffer beneath the blows,
Ah, till you fall asleep,
And you are not tired nor weary of it!

Soon you will receive your pretty chains of adornment
As yet they are seperate and not joined;
The necklace is still in pieces and not quite finished.
Give in, o chief!

But soon in the evening
You will look at your tattoo
Comparable to a fresh ti leaf.
Give in, o chief!

Ah, if it were a burden
I would carry it for you in my love.
O be quiet and give in,
I will withdraw when the blows have fallen
Give in, o chief!

The stylet and the hammer strike,
The colour is applied so that it may adhere.
Give in, o chief!

Like water flows your blood,
Ah, I feel pity for your condition.
Give in, o chief!

But this is the custom ages old,
You constantly moan, but I sing.
Women must bear children,
Men must be tattooed.
And the tattooer will be struck by the trade wind.
Give in, o chief!

The necklace may break, the string may break
But you tattoo will not break.
This necklace of yours is permanent
And will go into the grave with you
Give in, o chief!

Motifs Used In Samoan Tattoos

I. Togitogi (dots) These are normally found in the tattoos on womens hands. II. Aso (thin cross beam) This is normally used when tattooing a man's back. III. Fa'avaetuli (like the leg of a golden plover) These are normally used in womens tattoos. IV. Fa'aanufe (worm-like) Generally used in womens tattoos V. Fa'alaupaoga (like the leaves of a Pandanus tree) VI., VII. Aso Fa'avaetuli (like the leg of a golden plover) VIII., IX. Atualoa Used when tattooing the front of mens legs. X. Fa'amuli'ali'ao XI. Fa'a'upega (net-like) Used in men around the groin. XII. Aso Fa'avaetuli (like the leg of a golden plover) XIII. Aveau (starfish) Used when tattooing women.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands - Australian Administratives 1980

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Administered by:
22 Cent The British Government 1857
22 Cent The Government of Ceylon 1878, 1942-1946
22 Cent The Straits Settlements 1886
22 Cent The Colony of Singapore 1946
22 Cent The Australian Government 1955

In 1609 Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare, who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java^{[citation needed]} A Scottish merchant seaman named Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. The workers were paid in a currency called the Cocos rupee a currency John Clunies-Ross minted himself and which could only be redeemed at the company store.^[2] in 1811.

On April 1, 1836, HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy arrived to take soundings establishing the profile of the atoll as part of the survey expedition of the Beagle. To the young naturalist Charles Darwin, who was on the ship, the results supported a theory he had developed of how atolls formed. He studied the natural history of the islands and collected specimens. His assistant Syms Covington noted that "an Englishman (he was of course Scottish) and HIS family, with about sixty or seventy Mulattos from the Cape of Good Hope, live on one of the islands. Captain Ross, the governor, is now absent at the Cape."

An 1840 chart of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Annexed to the British Empire

The islands were annexed to the British Empire in 1857. In 1867, their administration was placed under the Straits Settlements, which included Penang, Malacca and Singapore. Queen VictoriaClunies-Ross family in 1886. The Cocos Islands under the Clunies-Ross family have been cited as an example of a nineteenth century micronation. granted the islands in perpetuity to the

World War I

On November 9, 1914, the islands became the site of the Battle of Cocos, one of the first naval battles of World War I. The wireless telegraph station on Direction Island, a vital link between the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, was destroyed by sailors from the German light cruiser SMS Emden, which was in turn surprised and destroyed by the Australian cruiser, HMAS Sydney.^[3]

World War II

During World War II, the cable station was once again a vital link. Allied planners noted that the islands might be seized as a base for German raider cruisers operating in the Indian Ocean. Following Japan's entry into the war, Japanese forces did occupy neighbouring islands. To avoid drawing their attention to the Cocos cable station and its islands' garrison, the seaplane anchorage between Direction and Horsburgh islands was not used. Radio transmitters were also kept silent, except in emergencies.

After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, the islands were administered from Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and West and Direction Islands were placed under Allied military administration. The islands' garrison initially consisted of a platoon from the British Army's King's African Rifles, located on Horsburgh Island, with two 6-inch (152 mm) guns to cover the anchorage. The local inhabitants all lived on Home Island. Despite the importance of the islands as a communication centre, the Japanese made no attempt either to raid or to occupy them and contented themselves with sending over a reconnaissance aircraft about once a month.

On the night of 8-9 May 1942, fifteen members of the garrison, from the Ceylon Defence Forcemutinied, under the leadership of Gratien Fernando. The mutineers were said to have been provoked by the attitude of their British officers, and were also supposedly inspired by anti-imperialist beliefs. They attempted to take control of the gun battery on the islands. The Cocos Islands Mutiny was crushed, although they killed one non-mutinous soldier and wounded one officer. Seven of the mutineers were sentenced to death at a trial which was later alleged to have been improperly conducted. Four of the sentences were commuted, but three men were executed, including Fernando. These were to be the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.^[4]

On December 25, 1942, the Japanese submarine I-166 bombarded the islands but caused no damage.^[5]

Later in the war, two airstrips were built and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in South East Asia and to provide support during the reinvasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF. They included some Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. When in July 1945, No. 99 and No. 356 RAF squadrons arrived on West Island they brought with them a daily newspaper called Atoll which contained news of what was happening in the outside world. Run by airmen in their off-duty hours, it achieved fame when dropped by Liberator bombers on POW camps over the heads of the Japanese guards. In 1946 the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore.

Transfer to Australia

On November 23, 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 (an Australian Act) pursuant to the Cocos Islands Act, 1955 (a UK Act).^[6] In the 1970s, the Australian government's dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory acquisition. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that resumption of Oceania House was unlawful, but the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be granted to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.

Malaysia - Malaysian Unity 2002

Technical Details:
Date of Issue: 24 August 2002
Denomination :30 Cent; 50 Cent
Stamp Size: 40mm x 30mm
Sheet Content :20 Stamps
Miniature Sheet Denomination: RM2.00
Miniature Sheet Size: 70mm x 100mm
Stamp Size in Miniature Sheet: 40mm x 30mm
Perforation: 14
Sheet Content: 20 Stamps
Paper: Watermarked, Phosphor Coated
Printing Process: Lithography

Malaysian Unity

Although Malaysian come from diverse backgrounds, there is a unique unity in its diversity. Indeed, the ethnic Malays, Chinese, Indians as well as the numerous indigenous people from a fascinating potpourii of a multi-cultural and multi-racial population who greatly value peace and properity.

Although each race maintains its individuality in terms of traditions and community structures, the overall cultural mosaic is well intergrated to create a contemporary Malaysia, rich in its diverse heritage.

An urban neighborhood, consisting of various communities living together harmoniously, exchanging, and sharing, among other things, knowledge, with one another, is hardly an uncommon sight. Men, women, and children of different races often get together for conversation, companionship, and friendly competitive sports. Amidst all of this is, the respect and tolerance each race has for the others' racial and religious practices.

One of the most intersting form of cultural and racial interaction among Malaysians is the 'open house' policy during religious festivals. All communities will 'open the doors' to their friends and neighbors of different ethic backgrounds, effectively breaking down cultural and racial barriers, thus cultivating greater understanding amongst all races.

The tradition of tolerance practiced by the people of Malaysia has resulted in great progress for the country. Malaysia is truly fine example of unity.

Papua New Guinea - Fishing 1981

Papua New Guinea - Folklore Dances 1971

7c - Sia Dancers
7c - Urasena Dancers
20c - Siassi Tubuan Dancers
28c - Sia Dancers

Papua New Guinea - Mask Dances 1968

Great Britain - College of Arms Quincentenarry 1984

College of Arms Quincentenary:
16 p Arms of The College of Arms
20 1/2 p Arms of Richard III. Founder
28 p Arms of The earl Marshal
31 p Arms of The City of London

Heraldry

Heraldry is the name which came to be given to a system of hereditary symbolism and identification which sprang up in western Europe during the twelfth century and was developed thereafter by the heralds.

The College of Arms, situated within the City of London, dates from 1484 when King Richard III granted the Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants their first Charter of Incorporation.

The present establishment of the College of Arms comprises three Kings of Arms. six Heralds and four Pursuivants, generically called Officers of Arms or Heralds, and there is a staff of scriveners, artists, researchers, and secretaries.  The thirteen Officers of Arms are part of the Royal Household under the Earl Marshall, The Duke of Norfolk, who is not himself a member of the corporation.  In practice, the day to day business of the College is presided over by Garter Principal King of Arms.

Apart from their duties on royal and state occasions, the heralds trace ancestry, draw up family trees, deal with peerage law and all matters concerning official heraldry and insignia in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and in all Commonwealth countries of which Her Majesty The Queen is Head of State.  In Scotland, however, Lord Lyon King of Arms is the Sovereign's representative in all matters heraldic and genealogical.

Heraldry has its root firmly planted in medieval history, but it is not just a colorful relic of the days of chivalry: it moves with the times and is a living art and science, especially in Great Britain where the Heralds still devise and the Kings of Arms, pursuant to royal authority, grant, and assign armorial bearings to eminent men and women and worthy corporations.

Date of Issue: 17 January 1984

Designer: Jeffrey Matthews FSIAD

Printer: Harrison & Sons (High Wycombe) Limited

Size: 34.7mm x 34.7mm

Perforations: 14 1/2 x 14 1/2

Paper: Unwatermarked Phosphor Coated

Gum: PVA Dextrin

Text by: Charity Boxall

Great Britain - Order of the Thistle 1987

The Most Ancient & Most Noble
ORDER of the THISTLE
Tercentenary of the Revival
18 p Arms of the Lord Lyon - King of Arms
22 p Arms of His Royal Highness - The Duke of Rothesay
31 p Arms of The Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculpture & Architecture.
34 p Arms of The Royal Society of Edinburgh